In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guildmasters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs and in almost all of these particular classes, again, other subordinate gradations. In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. THE history of all hitherto existing society 2 is the history of class struggles.įreeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guildmaster 3 and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the struggling classes. The Communist Manifesto I Bourgeois and Proletarians 1
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